Working principles and internal structures of several common crushers

Crusher, also known as stone crusher, is a type of mining machinery and plays an irreplaceable role in sand and gravel production. There are many types of crushers, and the working principles of different crushers are different, which also makes the materials they are suitable for, the locations they are in, and the roles they play different. According to the different crushing principles and the different product particle sizes, there are many models. According to the crushing needs of different users, different models of crushers can be selected for production. Below, New High-resistant Heavy Industry introduces the internal structure and working principle of six common crushers.

1. Internal structure and working principle of jaw crusher

Jaw crusher is commonly used for primary crushing operations in stone crushing production lines and sand making production lines. The feed size can reach about 1500㎜, and the output is 1-1200t/h.

Internal structure: mainly composed of static jaw plate, movable jaw plate, frame, upper and lower guard plates, adjustment seat, movable jaw tie rod and other parts.

Working principle: Jaw crusher uses the two jaw plates to squeeze and bend the material. The motor drives the belt and pulley to make the movable jaw swing up and down. When the movable jaw rises, the angle between the toggle plate and the movable jaw increases, and the movable jaw plate pushes toward the fixed jaw plate, and the material is crushed or split; when the movable jaw moves downward, the angle between the toggle plate and the movable jaw decreases, and the movable jaw plate leaves the static jaw plate under the action of the tie rod and spring, and the previously crushed or split material is discharged from the lower discharge port of the jaw plate.

2. Internal structure and working principle of impact crusher

Impact crusher is a medium crushing equipment. Compared with hammer crusher, impact crusher has a larger crushing ratio and can make fuller use of the high-speed impact energy of the whole rotor. The feed particle size can reach about 800㎜, and the output is 150-800t/h.

Internal structure: mainly composed of frame, feed hopper, plate hammer, impact plate, discharging device, motor, transmission device and other parts.

Working principle: impact crusher is a machine that uses the high-speed impact of plate hammer and the rebound effect of impact plate to crush the material by repeated impact. After entering the machine body, the material hits the plate hammer on the high-speed rotating rotor, and is hit and crushed by the plate hammer. Then, it is driven by inertia to be thrown to the impact plate in the inner section for crushing again. After that, this process is repeated many times from impact plate to plate hammer, and from plate hammer to impact plate until the material is crushed to the required particle size and discharged from the discharge port.

3. Internal structure and working principle of cone crusher

Cone crusher is a secondary crushing machine suitable for medium or fine crushing. It has strong crushing capacity and high material utilization rate. It has a good effect on crushing various ores with hardness and above medium hardness. Its feed particle size can reach 500㎜, and the output is about 12-2000t/h.

Internal structure: mainly includes frame, horizontal shaft, moving cone, balance wheel, eccentric sleeve, upper crushing wall (fixed cone), lower crushing wall (moving cone), hydraulic coupling, lubrication system, hydraulic system, etc.

Working principle: Cone crusher mainly operates on the lamination principle. The rotation of the motor drives the transmission shaft to rotate through the pulley, and the transmission shaft drives the eccentric sleeve to rotate around the main shaft through the large and small bevel gears. The eccentric sleeve drives the moving cone to do a pendulum motion, so that the cone crushing wall sometimes approaches and sometimes leaves the mortar wall surface fixed on the adjustment sleeve, so that the ore is continuously impacted, squeezed and bent in the crushing chamber to achieve ore crushing.

4. Internal structure and working principle of hammer crusher

The hammer crusher is used to crush various medium-hard and weakly abrasive materials. The equipment can adjust the grate gap according to user requirements and change the discharge particle size to meet the different needs of different users.

Internal structure: mainly composed of casing, rotor, main shaft, hammer head, liner, grate bar, adjustment frame and coupling.

Working principle: driven by the motor, the crusher rotor rotates at high speed. After the material enters the crusher, it is immediately impacted by the hammer head. The crushed material is crushed by the force of the hammer head to the baffle in the frame body and the grate bar impact for secondary crushing. At the same time, the materials collide with each other and are crushed multiple times. The materials smaller than the gap of the grate bar are discharged from the gap, and the larger materials continue to be impacted by the hammer head in the crushing chamber until they are crushed and discharged through the gap of the grate bar.

5. Internal structure and working principle of vertical shaft impact crusher

The vertical shaft impact crusher is a fine crushing equipment, suitable for crushing and shaping soft, medium-hard and extremely hard materials. It has higher production efficiency than other types of crushers. Compared with previous hammer crushers, roller crushers and other equipment, it has the characteristics of high sand discharge rate and good finished product particle shape.

Internal structure: The vertical shaft impact crusher is mainly composed of a vertical shaft, a hollow rotor, a casing, a V-belt, and an electric motor. The hollow rotor is installed on the vertical shaft and forms an annular crushing chamber with the casing around the rotor. The rotor is a hollow box, which consists of a discharge chamber and a powder cone. The discharge chamber is composed of a bottom plate, blades and a discharge port.

Working principle: When the vertical shaft impact crusher is working, the material is sent from the top center feeding barrel to the center of the rotor, and is transported to each discharge chamber by the material distribution pile, and directly enters the high-speed rotating impeller. Under the action of centrifugal force, it collides with another part of the material that is diverted in an umbrella form around the impeller. The material is broken due to repeated eddy current impact and friction between the impeller and the casing, forming a closed-loop crushing cycle. Finally, the material is controlled through screening to achieve the required particle size of the finished product.

6. Internal structure and working principle of roller crusher

Roller crushers are usually divided into single-roller, double-roller and multi-roller crushers according to the number of rollers. According to the shape of the roller surface, they can be divided into three types: smooth roller crusher, groove surface crusher and tooth surface crusher. They are suitable for coarse, medium or fine crushing of coal, limestone, cement clinker and feldspar and other medium-hard materials.

Internal structure: The structure of the double-toothed roller crusher is mainly composed of motor, bracket, fixed roller, movable roller, safety spring, transmission device, mechanical spring device, linkage mechanism, etc. It has a simple structure and is easy to operate and maintain.

Working principle: The working principle of the double-toothed roller crusher is to crush the material by using two rollers rotating in opposite directions. The driving mechanism is composed of two motors, which are driven by V-belts to the groove wheel to drag the rollers and rotate in relative directions. When crushing the material, the material passes through the roller from the feed inlet and is crushed by rolling. The crushed finished product is discharged from the bottom of the chassis.

The above is an introduction to the working principles of 6 common crushers. If you want to know more about crushers, please call or consult online or leave a message. Xin Gaonai Heavy Industry will send professionals to answer your questions.